1	The inventor of the capillary tubes system New Approaches to Economical Energy Efficient Building 2006 and Beyond
2	Overview “Conventional” All Air HVAC Systems-Benefits & Limitations. Radiant Cooling & Radiant heating-”Thermo active Ceilings” -How does it work? Displacement Ventilation-How does it work? Design Considerations. Energy Consumption. Indoor Air Quality Cost. Conclusion.
3	Function Of The HVAC System Offset space heat losses/gains. Maintain the space within the thermal comfort limits. Remove/dilute air contaminants from the space.
4	Thermal Comfort Thermal Balance between heat generation & rate of heat removal. Human heat generation at rest: 70 to 100 watts (220 to 280 Btu). Human Comfort Zone: Combination of 50% radiation, 30% convection and 20% evaporation. Temperature range: 20-26 C˚ (68˚-78˚F) Relative humidity range: 30-60% Air movement velocities: 0.15-0.25 m/s Surface to Air temperature difference ≤ 2˚ C (4˚F) Space heat gains/losses: Internal (people, lights, electrical equipment, etc.) External (solar radiation, conduction, infiltration).
5	Conventional All-Air HVAC System Typical Features: Combined function of space temperature control and ventilation Moves large volumes of air throughout the space (6-8 ach/hr) Convection is the dominant heat transfer mode High temperature differences between the supply air and the space temperatures (11˚C cooling, up to 30˚ heating) Fast response-requires fast acting and reliable controls. Large space requirement for equipment and ductwork. High peak capacity Energy Intensive
6	Benefits of Conventional All-air HVAC System Unlimited application range Can be designed “anywhere, anytime” and made to work for any application Occupant “perception” of “fresh air” conditions due to high air movement rate.
7	Limitations of Conventional All-Air HVAC System
8	Radiant Cooling & Radiant Heating System Typical Features: Radiation is the dominant heat transfer mode Strictly space temperature control function Distribution embedded in building Structure Low temperature differences between the radiant surface and the space temperatures (3-6˚) self regulating effect Track record of over 18 years throughout Europe
9	Radiant Cooling & Radiant Heating System
10	Cost Advantages
11	Energy
12	Indoor Air Quality
13	Indoor Air Quality Advantages
14	DOAS Duty High outside DPT: Dehumidification to meet all space latent loads, and reheat if necessary Low outside DPT: Heat or Cool the OA as necessary, and humidify if necessary Dehumidification (Desiccants Not A topic in this symposium)
15	Displacement Outdoor Air System
16	Displacement Outdoor Air System
17	Advantages of KaRo
18	Displacement Outdoor Air System Continuously purges air pollutants from the occupied space by supplying 100% fresh air to the space, and exhausting 100% of the contaminated air out of the space. Typical Features: Provides exclusively ventilation function (1-15 ach/hr) Supply air temperature is near space temperature (5.5˚ F) Air movement is generated by natural buoyancy around heat sources in the space Absence of noise and draft due to low air velocities (≤ 0.2 m/s) (≤ 40fpm) Air supply at low level, exhaust at high level Pollutants are removed from the source and carried straight up and exhausted at ceiling level Occupants breath air with minimum contaminant load.
19	The Dedicated OA Concept, the new OA paradigm! Basic concept is to deliver conditioned OA to every space and occupant of the building. Extension: Use the OA to remove all of the space latent load (primarily from occupants who receive a prescribed flow rate of OA). By Decoupling the latent and sensible space loads, great flexibility in meeting the parallel sensible loads is realized!
20	Displacement Outdoor Air System
21	Building Advantages with KaRo System Architecturally Integra table Silk screening available Perforated face (acoustics) or drywall Great for Retrofit or New Construction Reduces Mechanical Space Less Ductwork Less vertical shaft space Higher ceilings and/or reduced building heights Simpler Coordination Between Trades Integration of fire suppression Less interferences (crossover ductwork)
22	Architecture Application
23	Historic Preservation
24	Capillary tubes being applied
25	Fine Wine With KaRo The quality of Wine is directly influenced by the conditions from the cellar in which is stored. A good cellar must maintain the correct levels of temperature and humidity to optimize wine quality.
26	Capillary tubes being applied
27	Drywall Ceiling Application
28	Gypsum drywall application
29	Commercial
30	KaRo mats can be sized to fit any dimension
31	Less space required for utility room
32	Sub-Station
33	Ceiling Application=Quick recovery Time
34	Loss of pressure
35	Cost: HVAC vs. Radiant Cooling
36	The Government Energy Policy Act of 2005 President Bush has signed the Energy Policy Act of 2005 into law at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. For the first time since 1986, there's a 15 percent tax credit, up to $2,000 for homeowners who buy solar electric or hot-water systems - and there's a similar credit for wind power or fuel-cell systems. Moving further in the right direction, the energy bill includes tax credits to homeowners and businesses installing solar panels, and simplifies billing when their homemade energy is tied back into the electric grid. It also extends previous production tax credits for wind, biomass, geothermal, and landfill gas-derived energy, establishes tax breaks for hybrid electric car buyers, and helps alleviate the bottleneck of insufficient power-line capacity to exploit the nations' huge wind power potential.
37	KaRo Systems Experience of Radiant Cooling & Radiant Heating On site Buildings in Germany, Greece, Spain, Switzerland, France and Brazil including test lab reviews and operational testing. Complete in-house design application
38	Sub Station=Less Utility room
39	Cost Comparison Building Criteria: 3 Story Office Building Total Area= 90,000 sq. ft. Walls = R-20 Roof = R-20 Windows: 50% of total wall area Concrete construction
40	Envelope vs. Mechanical/Electrical Costs Premium for Visionwall or Heat Mirror $5.00/sq. ft. of building. (based on $65/sq.ft. for Visionwall vs. $38 sq. ft. for normal commercial double pane, 6 foot high glass on 12 foot floor to floor) curtain wall style construction.
41	Envelope vs. Mechanical/Electrical Costs Mechanical Cost for VAV or Fan Coil System with Conventional Glazing: HVAC System = ±$12.50/Sq.ft. Plumbing = $4.00/Sq.ft. Sprinklers = $2.00/Sq.ft. Controls = $1.50/Sq.ft. $20.00/Sq.ft.
42	Envelope vs. Mechanical/Electrical Costs Mechanical Cost for the Radiant Cooling system with Displacement Ventilation:
43	Envelope vs. Mechanical/Electrical Costs Electrical Cost for Conventional Bldg.: $14.00/Sq.ft. Mechanical Cost for Conventional Bldg: $20.00/Sq.ft. Total: $34.00/Sq.Ft. Electrical Cost for Radiant Cooling System with Visionwall/Heat Mirror Glazing: $10.00/Sq.ft. Mechanical Cost for Radiant Cooling Bldg: $19.85/Sq.ft. Premium for High Performance Glass: $5.00/Sq.ft. Total: $34.00/Sq.Ft.
44	Thank You